1
2
  -2023
..  

 : (  )
 : 3  : 75
:               
-
1.    ?          
2.            ?  
-
3.        
4.              ? 
  
-
5.   ?      
2
2
6.           ?  
   
-
7.       -   
8.      :
 
20-30 6
30-40 15
40-50 18
50-60 25
60-70 20
70-80 12
80-90 4
3
2
  -2023
..  

 : (  )
 : 3  : 75
:               
-
1.    ?          
:          
 ,   -      ,     
    , , ,            
         ,       (JND) 
    
                   
      ,        ,   
                
,                 
     
   ??
  ()               50%
                  
    
4
2
   
1.  
o       2        10 
   ,       
o    200     ,         
o          ,       
2.  
o              ,   
 
o           ,      
      
o          ,    
3.  
o                 
 
o           ,       

o     ,       ,      
  
o      
       ,   ,      
   ,         
         
                 
    
                  
      -           
  
5
2
     ?
        :
1.   ( )         -    
        
2.   ( )) -         -    
         
                   
          
   -- 
1.   
o        ,     , 
   ,      
2.        ( )
o           
o     2   
o -  (, 50  ) -    
o                     

o   2.3      ,         
3.        (  )
o     ,    
o   ,  3 ,       -   
 
o              
o   2.2       ,        
4.     
o             
o              
6
2
      
     
o   ,      -   
o              
o  ,    -     ,     
          
o             
     
o          
o             
o             
   
1.   
o         
2.   
o               

3.       
o   , , ,           
   
1.  
o                

2. 
o                 
3. 
o -           - 

7
2

                  
                
 -         
      ,           
   ,            
          
2.            ?  
:    
        ,        
                    
                    
        ,       , -   
      ,  ,          
     
               
        -      (    ,
         ),          -
                  
    -   ,            50%
     ,      
    ?
1.   :           -
    ,            , 
 -      
2.  :             
              
  
3. :                   
   , "   ?"  "   ?"
8
2
4.  :  -        
      
5. :   ,          
 50%               
    
     
                  
-         :     ,  
                 
   
   ,     50%          
                   
               
        
      
1.  :         ,   
    
2.    :  -     ,    
(     )   
3.     :             
 ,     
4.               
 
     
:         ,    
       
   :          
reproducibility           ,  
   
     
  :            ,  
          
9
2
  :      ,      
   ,     
        (   )   
    ,            
     
        ,         
   
        ,   -     -
         ,  -        
    ,     -    ,    
        ,         
            ,    
                
                 
 -    ,            
               
               
     
                  
    :
1.                
     
2.              
    (  )    
3.             
           
4.               
 (       )        ,  
  ,           

 ,               
       -         
-               
         ,       
10
2
     ,              
    ,              
     ,      
-
3.        
:       
                
,           ,     - 
            
               
 ,               
 
   
            -  
    :     
1.  :     ,           
           ,  ,  
             ,    
              ,  
      ,            
 ,         
o :              
               
       
2.  : ,            
,               
                 
     ,          , 
                  
11
2
o :           ,     
              
 
              -      
                -  
  ,              
   
      
                
    ,          - 
   :  ,     
1.  :            " "  
         ,      
         IQ  
        ,          
o --            
           
  
2.        ,        
              -
              
       
o :           
          ,    
              
3.  :   - "  "    
             
             
                  
       
o :              
             
    
12
2
               
 -     ,       
  
      
              ,  
      :
1.   :
o           :  
     -     
  ,      -   
o  ,     -     : ,
               
            
2.      :
o              
                
              
           
o ,        -    ,
                
             
          ,   
 -        
3.   :
o                 
,              
    
o            ,       
     -         
              
     
4.   :
o               
                 
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2
   ,         
    ,   
o               
    ,        
5.   :
o            
  IQ              
  
o ,            
       ,      
 -     

 ,                 ,
               
 ,               
 ,    ,        ,   
     ,        
 
                ,   
                   
               
   ,         ,   
 
4.              ? 
  
: ()           ,  
            ,       
 -    -           
              
14
2
  ?
 ,  ,             
      ,        
        ,      ;   -
    ,  , - ,    
:   
 -             
        ,        
,    ,             
           
1.    :          
          -   
      ,     -   , 
              
               
,      100%   ,  IQ    ,  
 -               
    
2.   :       ,      
              -   
     ,        
  -              
3. : -    -          , 
             - 
        ,      
:    
       ,         ,
         -  , ,  
           
1.    :          
   ,           , 
                
  ,            
   
15
2
2. :               
              
        -     
         ,       
3.   :           
               
          ,      
   IQ     ,    ,     
      ,       
   
4.          
         ,      
        ,       
     ,         
     
5. :                 , 
-               
                
               
      
      -      ,   
 -             ,  
  -          ,     -
            ,        
  ,             
 ,     
    "   "           
  ,              
 ,                  
             ,     
                
  :    ?
               
       ,           
      ,          
16
2
              ,
             
         -        
  ,               
  ,    -       ,    
    -          

 ,             
        ,      
                 
              
,                    ,
               , 
     ,         
    
-
5.   ?      
:    
 ,                 ,
,                 
                    
  ,        ,        

  ,           ,     
   ""  ""   ,        
  ,    ""  "  "  
                 
                -  
                
              
 16         
17
2
1.     
 ,    ,           
               
               
     :
        :
1.                
              
                
  ,             
   
2.  :             
       ,         
         , ,   
                 
  
3.  :               
               
    ,             
                
            
    :
           -         
                  
                   
,               ,   
             ,     
2.  16   
     ,  16      
       ,        
   (  )       
                 
                
  ,       
18
2
16  :
        16        , 
         :
1.            
2.   -:              
3.    :        
4.   :     
5.   :         
6.    :         
  
7.   :           
8.    :              

9.    :          

10.  
   :         
           
11.   -:          
12.      :        
         
13.    :           
    
14.   :             
  
15.   :        
16.             
   :
        -        
               :
19
2
 :                  
  , ""     
 : ,            
   
              ,
    
     
           ,    
:
                
                 
  
 ,              
,              16
          
      
:     ,        
      ,     
/:           
      ,          
 ,            ,  
  
               ,
               

 ,          ,      
             ,   
 16              
                 
     
             ,      
       ,   ,    
     
20
2
6.           ?  
   
:        , ,    
                 
    (   )   ,     ,  
               
    ,              
            ,  
     
   
         ,      
 ,                  

                
    (    )    ,  
                
  ,       -      , 
      -         
             
 ,           ,    
      ,         
        ,          
   ,         ,  
     
,                
  ,       ,         
           
  
             
:
1.   
          10      ,
   ,      -       
21
2
                  
 
  ,               ,  
                   
  ,    ,           
                 ,      
      ,         
2.   ()
           (     )
        ,            
               ,      ,
       
  ,      -   -      
    , "     ,          
   ,"      , " -       
       "      -    
 ,    ,      
3. --
                     
    -    ,       (  ,   ),
     -  -,         
 
  ,               ,   
             -   ,  
 ,    ,         -     
       
4.  
  ,                   
              ,  
        ,    ""    ,   
""      ,            
 ,   "" ,             
    
22
2
    
:
1.    :            
            ,    
,        
2.          ,       
                  
               
3.    ,         
                
      
 :
1. :     ,       
    -      -  
   ,     
2.              
   ,            
 ,             ,   
    
3.   :   ,     
     ,          
     -   ,      

     ,          
                  
   ,           
      ,        
                 
  ,         ,     
            
23
2
-
7.       -   
:   :   
    ,      ,         
                
           ""   
      ,         
     ,   ,     
1.
                

   :
      
       
     
:
=  
:     5          
  : 20, 25, 30, 35, 40
  40
  20
,  : 40 - 20 = 20.
 :
      
          
 :
       ,        
           ,    
24
2
 100  ,      (100 - 20 = 80),        
  
                 
      
2. 
                
   ()   
    :
   ()  
     
       (      )
      
:
:
Xi=   
μ=    
N=    
:      : 20, 25, 30, 35, 40
 (20 + 25 + 30 + 35 + 40) / 5 = 30 
  
   :
o (20 - 30) = -10
o (25 - 30) = -5
o (30 - 30) = 0
o (35 - 30) = 5
o (40 - 30) = 10
25
2
   :
o (-10)2 = 100
o (-5)2 = 25
o 02 = 0
o 52 = 25
o 102 = 100
,       :
o (100 + 25 + 0 + 25 + 100) / 5 = 50
 ,     50
  :
        ,        
                
  :
     ,        ,   
        ,    " "      ,  
 
 ,              

3.  
                
   ,       ,       
     :
 ,     (     )
,    
:
:   ,  50  ,   :
26
2
   :
       ,         
  ,         
          
   :
     ()     ,     
  
         
4.  ()
-  ()          50%  
  ,        
IQR    :
      
        (Q1)      25%   ,
   (Q3)      75%  
IQR Q3  Q1    
:
:    :20, 25, 30, 35, 40
Q1   25 ,  Q3   35
 , IQR = 35 - 25 = 10.
  :
     50%      ,      

          
27
2
  :
         ,          
 
                
  

 ,                 
               :
,     
:        ,    ,   
  
 :     ,        , 
       
 (IQR):    50%     ,   
    ,           

        ,           
        ,         
                 
  ,             
8.      :
 
20-30 6
30-40 15
28
2
40-50 18
50-60 25
60-70 20
70-80 12
80-90 4
:    :
               ,   
    ()              
    ,               

  ,           (CL      ) 
         ,        :
 1:     
 
  ,  20-30, 30-40, ,           
 ,              
 
      
  :
29
2
 2:     
,     ()          , 
     :
:
f    
x    
∑(f×x)           
,       ∑(f×x)\sum    :
 ( )

(x)
 (f)
×x
20-30
25
6
25 × 6 = 150
30-40
35
15
35 × 15 = 525
40-50
45
18
45 × 18 = 810
50-60
55
25
55 × 25 = 1375
60-70
65
20
65 × 20 = 1300
70-80
75
12
75 × 12 = 900
80-90
85
4
85 × 4 = 340
, f×x      :
 ,     :
30
2
,       :
 ,    54
 3:      
      ,           ,
       ,      
        :
        :
 ( )

(x)
 (f)
(x−)2
f×(x−)2
20-30
25
6
(-29)2 = 841
6 × 841 = 5046
30-40
35
15
(-19)2 = 361
15 × 361 = 5415
40-50
45
18
(-9)2 = 81
18 × 81 = 1458
50-60
55
25
(1)2 = 1
25 × 1 = 25
60-70
65
20
(11)2 = 121
20 × 121 = 2420
70-80
75
12
(21)2 = 441
12 × 441 = 5292
80-90
85
4
(31)2 = 961
4 × 961 = 3844
, f×(x−Mean)2      :
 4:   
   :
31
2
   :
 5:     
 ,       :
:
       13.57
  :
1.        
2.     
3.          
4.             
5.        
                 
     ,             
 , 13.57    54           
            ,     
             
:             ( )       
      ,              